Axial bearing having a variable coefficient of friction for monitoring wear

ABSTRACT

The axial bearing includes a first ring and a second ring. During operation of the axial bearing, the first ring rotates with respect to the second ring. Over time the foregoing rotation produces wear of the first ring; consequently, exposes layers of the first ring to the second ring. The different layers of the first ring produce variations in the coefficient of friction within the axial bearing. If the axial bearing is associated with a drive motor, then the variations in the coefficient of friction change the load on the drive motor. The change in load upon the drive motor may be monitored to indicate axial bearing wear or the need for axial bearing replacement.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to an axial bearing for acentrifugal pump, a system for monitoring the wear of the axial bearing,and a method for monitoring the wear of the axial bearing. Particularly,the present invention relates to an axial bearing having a variablecoefficient of friction for monitoring the wear of the axial bearing,which is incorporated into a magnetic-drive centrifugal pump.

BACKGROUND ART

Axial bearings for centrifugal pumps typically have a first thrust ringand a second thrust ring. The first thrust ring rotates relative to thesecond thrust ring. Axial bearings may be lubricated by the pumped fluid(i.e. product lubricated). The first thrust ring is frequently made ofplastic resin, while the second thrust ring is made of a ceramicmaterial. The first thrust ring wears more rapidly than the secondthrust ring because ceramic is harder than the plastic resin. The firstthrust ring needs to be replaced regularly, but the exact replacementtime is difficult to determine. Predicting the longevity of the firstthrust ring and the axial bearing depends on factors such as impuritiesin the pumped fluid, the viscosity of the pumped fluid, and theoperating point of the pump. Presently, pump operators and users rely onthe time-consuming disassembly and inspection of the centrifugal pump todetermine when the first thrust ring or the axial bearing needsreplacement. Disassembly of centrifugal pumps may be disruptive tomanufacturing processes if, for example, a redundant pump is notincorporated into the manufacturing process.

Some background art pumps add electrical sensors to the axial bearingsto gauge replacement times for the thrust rings. However, the additionof electrical sensors frequently means the addition of a seal, a gasket,and/or sealant where the leads for the electrical sensors enter thehousing. As a result, a centrifugal pump having an electrical sensor maybe prone to leak where the leads enter the housing. Moreover, theelectrical sensors may be incompatible with the caustic chemicalsfrequently pumped by the centrifugal pump. Electrical sensors may beoxidized, corroded, or otherwise rendered inoperable over time.

Therefore, a need exists for an axial bearing which is capable ofproviding an indication of the need for the axial bearing's replacement,without the foregoing disadvantages of fluid leakage or indicatorfailure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The axial bearing of the present invention includes a first ring and asecond ring. During operation of the axial bearing, the first ringrotates with respect to the second ring. Over time the foregoingrotation produces wear of the first ring; consequently, exposes layersof the first ring to the second ring. The different layers of the firstring produce variations in the coefficient of friction within the axialbearing. If the axial bearing is associated with a drive motor, then thevariations in the coefficient of friction change the load on the drivemotor. The change in load upon the drive motor may be monitored toindicate axial bearing wear or the need for axial bearing replacement.

The first ring has at least two different layers, namely, a firstwearing layer and a frictional layer. The first wearing layer is annularand is preferably made from polymer, such as a fluoroplastic. The firstwearing layer extends from a first face, which is an exterior matingsurface, to the frictional layer. The frictional layer is annular and isdisposed in an interior of the first ring adjacent to and beneath thefirst wearing layer.

The frictional layer has a frictional region and may have a remanentregion. The frictional region is constructed from an elastomer, a metal,a ceramic, a plastic composite, a polymer composite, or a particulatecomposite. If the frictional region is made from an elastomer, then thefrictional region optionally has a frictional region thickness which isselected to wear away after several hours of normal operation of theaxial bearing to expose a second wearing layer. The frictional regionmay comprise cylindrical pads, an annular pad, or curved members tooptimize the surface area of the frictional region. The surface area ofthe frictional region may be limited to prevent binding of the axialbearing and excessive overloading of various drive motors. The remanentregion is preferably constructed from the same material as the firstwearing layer.

If the axial bearing is incorporated into a centrifugal pump, the firstring rotates with respect to the second ring causing the first ring towear. After the first ring wears sufficiently to expose the frictionallayer, the axial bearing places an additional load on the drive motor ofthe centrifugal pump. The additional load results from the frictionallayer of the first ring interacting with the second ring to produce ahigher coefficient of friction than the first wearing layer, inconjunction with the second ring, previously produced. For example, whenthe first wearing layer is exposed to the second ring the coefficient ofkinetic friction may range from approximately one hundredth to fivehundredths. In contrast, when the frictional layer is exposed to thesecond ring the coefficient of kinetic coefficient of friction mayexceed one.

If the drive motor on the pump is equipped with an energy monitoringcircuit, for example, a power monitoring circuit, then a user or pumpoperator can detect the change in the load placed upon the drive motorby the exposure of the frictional layer. The energy monitoring circuitmay trigger an alarm or remove power to the drive motor. Consequently,the user may be alerted of the potential wear of the axial bearingwithout the burdensome disassembly of the centrifugal pump andinspection of the axial bearing. If the frictional layer thickness isselected so that the frictional layer wears off alter a time period,then the load on the drive motor can return to a normal load while thefirst bearing operates on the exposed second wearing layer. The pumpoperator can then schedule pump maintenance for future axial bearingreplacement at a convenient time.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a first embodiment of the first ringwith a portion cut-away to reveal the frictional layer, which includescylindrical pads.

FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the first embodiment of the firstring along reference line 2--2 of FIG. 1, wherein the cylindrical padsare made from an elastomer.

FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of a second embodiment of the first ringwith a portion cut-away to reveal the frictional layer, which includescylindrical pads.

FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of the firstring along reference line 4--4 of FIG. 3, wherein the cylindrical padsare made from a metal, a polymer composite, plastic composite, aparticulate composite, or the like.

FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of the third embodiment of the firstring with a portion cut-away to reveal the frictional layer, whichincludes a curved hollow member.

FIG. 6shows a cross-sectional view of the third embodiment of the firstring along reference line 6--6 of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of the fourth embodiment of the firstring with a portion cut-away to reveal the frictional layer, whichincludes an annular pad.

FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of the fourth embodiment of thefirst ring along reference line 8--8 of FIG. 7, where the circular padis made from elastomer.

FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of the fifth embodiment of the firstring with a portion cut-away to reveal the frictional layer, whichincludes an annular pad.

FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional view of the fifth embodiment of thefirst ring along reference line 10--10 of FIG. 9, wherein the annularpad is preferably made from a polymer composite, a plastic composite, aparticulate composite, or a metal and wherein the annular padencompasses the entire frictional layer.

FIG. 11 shows a perspective exploded view a magnetic-drive centrifugalpump incorporating the axial bearing.

FIG. 12 shows a cross-sectional view of the magnetic-drive centrifugalpump depicted in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 shows a perspective exploded view of an axial bearingincorporated into a magnetic-drive centrifugal pump with only a portionof the pump interior depicted.

FIG. 14 shows an alternate embodiment of a perspective exploded view ofan axial bearing incorporated into a centrifugal pump with only aportion of the pump interior depicted.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of the system for monitoring the wear of theaxial bearing having a variable coefficient of friction where the axialbearing is installed in a centrifugal pump.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a system for monitoring the wear of theaxial bearing in which the energy monitor comprises a current monitor.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a system for monitoring the wear of theaxial bearing which features a drive motor equipped with a windingtemperature monitor.

FIG. 18 is a schematic of a first embodiment of the winding temperaturemonitor illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 17.

FIG. 19 is a schematic of a second embodiment of the winding temperaturemonitor illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 17.

FIG. 20 is a flow chart illustrating the steps in a method of monitoringthe wear of the axial bearing wherein the axial bearing is installed ina centrifugal pump.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The axial bearing of the present invention includes a first ring andoptimally a second ring. The first ring may be sold as a replacementpart for various centrifugal pumps and magnetic-drive centrifugal pumps.In practice, the first ring may be referred to as a thrust ring, a mouthring, a disk, an axial bearing, a wear ring, or the like.

FIG. 1 through FIG. 10 show five embodiments of the first ring. Allembodiments of the first ring have a first wearing layer 12 and africtional layer 20. The first wearing layer 12 is substantially annularand is made from a plastic, a resin, or a polymer. The first wearinglayer 12 extends from a first face 52 to the frictional layer 20.

The frictional layer 20 is annular and is disposed in an interior, orsubsurface, of the first ring. The frictional layer 20 has a frictionalregion 22 and may have a remanent region 30. The frictional region 22may be constructed from a diverse assortment of materials, such aselastomers, metals, stainless steel, plastic composites, plasticlaminates, polymer composites, polymer laminates, or a particulatecomposites. The remanent region 30 is optimally constructed from thesame plastic, polymer, or resin as the first wearing layer 12.

The frictional region 22 differs in the shape, orientation, and thematerial composition depending upon the particular embodiment. Forexample, in the first embodiment and the second embodiment of the firstring, the frictional region 22 may comprise a plurality of cylindricalpads 32, as illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, respectively. In the thirdembodiment of the first ring the frictional region 22 comprises aplurality of curved members 34, as illustrated in FIG. 5. In the fourthand fifth embodiments of the first ring, the frictional region comprisesan annular pad 33 or an annular pad 35, as illustrated in FIG. 7 andFIG. 9, respectively. The surface area of the frictional region 22 isselected to prevent internal binding of the axial bearing and excessiveoverloading of a drive motor.

When the axial bearing is incorporated into a centrifugal pump, asshown, for example, in FIG. 13, the first ring is operably associatedwith the second ring 150. The first ring adjoins the second ring 150 atthe bearing interface 156. The first ring rotates with respect to thesecond ring 150 causing the first ring to wear. When the first ringwears a predetermined amount, the frictional layer 20 is exposed; hence,the friction coefficient of the bearing interface 156 is increased. Thefriction coefficient of the bearing interface 156 increases as a resultof the interaction between the frictional layer 20 and the second ring150, which replaced the previous interaction between the first wearinglayer 12 and the second ring 150.

The axial bearing may operate with various coefficients of friction asdetermined by the materials and the geometries of the materials at thebearing interface 156. A first coefficient of friction results from theselection of the geometries and materials of the first wearing layer 12and a first side 51 of the second ring 150. The first coefficient offriction is preferably less than one-quarter when a lubricating fluid ispresent at the bearing interface 156. A second coefficient of frictionresults from the selection of the geometries and materials of thefrictional layer 20 and the first side 51. The second coefficient offriction is preferably greater than or equal to one, regardless ofwhether or not lubricating fluid is present. A third coefficient offriction results from the selection of the geometries and materials ofthe first side 51 and an optional second wearing layer 26. The thirdcoefficient of friction is preferably less than one-quarter whenlubricating fluid is present. A bearing interface 156 that yields both afirst coefficient of friction and a second coefficient of friction overtime comprises frictional means for changing the coefficient of frictionof the bearing over its lifetime. The frictional means may also includea bearing interface 156 which yields a third coefficient of friction.

First Embodiment of the First Ring

FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show the first embodiment of the first ring, which isdesignated as first ring (first embodiment) 10. The cross-section inFIG. 2 is shown with the same portion of the first ring (firstembodiment) 10 removed as shown in FIG. 1. The first ring cross section(first embodiment) 58 is symmetrical. However, as illustrated in FIG. 2,the first ring cross section 58 appears unsymmetrical because the firstring (first embodiment) 10 is unsymmetrically cut away.

The first ring 10 (first embodiment) has a first wearing layer 12 and africtional layer 20. The first wearing layer 12 is preferablyconstructed from a polymer, resin or plastic, such aspolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or carbon fiber filledpolytetrafluoroethylene. When the axial bearing operates, the firstwearing layer 12 is diminished and removed from abrasion and rotationalmovement of a second ring (not shown in FIG. 1 ) which axially adjoinsthe first ring (first embodiment) 10.

The first wearing layer 12 has a first wearing layer depth 18 thatextends an axial distance beneath a first face 52. The first wearinglayer depth 18 ranges from fifty percent to one-hundred percent of theentire wear allowance or wear limit. The wear limit, or the total wearallowance, represents the maximum permissible axial wear of the firstring (first embodiment) 10. If the first ring (first embodiment) 10wears greater than the wear limit, additional clearances in the axialbearing may prevent effective operation of the bearing. In practice, thewear limit may be equivalent to an axial distance ranging fromapproximately forty thousandths of an inch to sixty thousands of an inchbelow the original first face 52, as manufactured.

In FIG. 2, the first wearing layer depth 18 is approximately fiftypercent of the total wear allowance. In practice, fifty percent of thetotal wear allowance may range from twenty thousandths of an inch tothirty thousandths of an inch below the initial first face 52. The firstwearing layer 12 typically has radial grooves 46 which extend a radialgroove depth 48 into the first ring 10. In a preferred embodiment, theradial groove depth 48 is equal to the wear limit. Hence, the radialgroove 46 provides a visual indication of axial bearing longevity if apump, incorporating the first ring, is disassembled and inspected.

The frictional layer 20 is substantially annular layer which is disposedadjacent to and beneath the first wearing layer 12. The frictional layer20 has a frictional region 22 and a remanent region 30. The frictionalregion 22 in FIG. 2 comprises a plurality of cylindrical pads 32. Theremanent region 30 has boundaries defined by the area remaining in theannular frictional layer 20 after the frictional region 22 isconsidered. The frictional region 22 in FIG. 2 is preferably orientednear or at fifty percent of the wear limit. The frictional region 22 ofthe first ring (first embodiment) 10 is optimally constructed from anelastomer.

An appropriate elastomer may be selected based on the chemicalresistance properties of the elastomer while considering the chemicalcontent of the pumped fluid. In addition compressive strength, tensilestrength, hardness, and abrasive characteristics may be taken intoconsideration. Poor resistance to abrasion may actually be desirablewhere the elastomer is selected to wear away at the bearing interfacewithin several hours of normal operation. Elastomers include varioustypes of natural and synthetic rubbers, which generally have elasticproperties. Elastomers include natural rubber, styrene butadiene,isobutene isoprene, cholorinated isobutane isoprene, ethylene propylenecopolymer, ethylene propylene terpolymer, cholorosulfonatedpolyethylene, chloroprene, neoprene, chlorinated polyethylene, nitrilebutadiene, epichloro-hydrin, polyacrylate silicone, silicone, urethane,fluorosilicone, fluorocarbon and perfluorocarbon materials. Among theseelastomers, fluorocarbon and ethylene propylene terpolymer arepreferably used in the first ring (first embodiment) 10. Otherelastomers, such as nitrile butadiene and fluorosilicone, offercomprehensively good chemical resistance. In addition, fluorosiliconehas poor resistance to abrasion; consequently, fluorosilicone issuitable for making cylindrical pads 32 which are designed deliberatelywear off the first ring (first embodiment) 10 during normal operation ofthe pump.

Each of the cylindrical pads 32 optimally has a frictional regionthickness 24 which is selected to wear away after selected duration ofnormal operation. The frictional region thickness 24 is preferablyselected to wear away during normal operation for a duration of one toeight hours. The elastomer used for the cylindrical pads 32 should besusceptible to abrasion from the second ring so that frictional regionthickness 24 is proportional to the duration during which the load onthe drive motor of the pump is increased. The first ring (firstembodiment) 10 is preferably tested in conjunction with a second ringunder various test conditions to establish an appropriate frictionalregion thickness 24 of a particular elastomer. Test conditions mustconsider the rotational velocity of the first ring (first embodiment) 10with respect to the second ring and axial forces applied to the firstring 10 among other factors. In practice, the frictional regionthickness 24 may, for example, measure approximately five thousandths ofan inch of fluorocarbon elastomer in order to wear away after areasonable time during normal operation. After the frictional region 22wears away a second wearing layer 26 is exposed.

The second wearing layer 26 extends to second wearing layer depth 28,which is equivalent to at least one-hundred percent of the entire wearallowance or at least the wear limit. The second wearing layer depth 28is delineated by the dotted lines in FIG. 2. The second wearing layer 26permits the axial bearing to continue operating even after the firstwearing layer 12 and the frictional layer 20 wear away from the firstring 10. The first ring (first embodiment) 10 is used in situationswhere the pump operator requires or prefers an advanced warning beforeaxial bearing replacement (i.e. first ring replacement) is required.Servicing of the pump can be scheduled while the axial bearing isoperating in an appropriate fluid-film lubrication regime upon theexposed second wearing layer 26. Therefore, critical manufacturingprocesses and operations can be optimized by scheduling maintenance ofthe pump for convenient times to avoid disturbances in the manufacturingprocesses.

During normal operation initially the first wearing layer 12 has acoefficient of kinetic friction which is sufficiently low to permitoperation in the full film lubrication regime and to minimize operationin the boundary film lubrication regime. For example, under normaloperating conditions in the axial bearing, the first ring (firstembodiment) 10 and the second ring will operate with a frictioncoefficient ranging from one hundredth (0.01) to five hundredths (0.05).Once the first wearing layer 12 is removed from the first ring 10 bynormal wear of the first face 52 contacting the second ring, then thefrictional layer 20 is exposed. The frictional layer 20 has acoefficient of friction determined primarily by the exposed surface areaand the exposed material of the frictional region 22. The frictionalregion 22, as defined by the cylindrical pads 32, may have a frictionalcoefficient exceeding one with respect to second ring where thecylindrical pads 32 are made from an elastomer and where the second ringis made from a ceramic material. When the bearing interface is wet orlubricated in the full film lubrication regime the frictionalcoefficient is approximately one.

Referring to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the first ring (first embodiment) 10 hasa first face 52 and a second face 54. The first face 52 is movablyassociated with the second ring. The second face 54 has at least onenotch 50 for attachment to a rotational member such as a pump impelleror a shaft. In alternative embodiments, the notch 50 may be located in acylindrical surface 53 to facilitate the coupling of the first ring 10to the rotational member.

Second Embodiment of the First Ring

The second embodiment of the first ring is shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4.The perspective view of second embodiment of the first ring is similarto the perspective view of the first embodiment as shown in FIG. 1. Thedifferences between the first embodiment and the second embodiment ofthe first ring become apparent when the cross-sectional view of FIG. 4is considered. The first ring (second embodiment) is designated byreference numeral 60. The first ring cross section (second embodiment)is referenced by reference numeral 62.

As best illustrated in FIG. 4, the cylindrical pads 32 of the first ring(second embodiment) 60 are oriented near the wear limit; the frictionalregion 22 is preferably constructed from stainless steel or from apolymer composite reinforced with metallic fiber. Other suitablematerials for the cylindrical pads 32 include ceramic material, aceramic composite, a polymer composite, a plastic composite, a plasticlaminate, a polymer laminate, a polymer-particulate composite, aplastic-particulate composite, a metal, an alloy, or the like. The firstwearing layer depth 18 optimally extends to the wear limit. Thefrictional region 22 of the first ring (second embodiment) 60 is notdesigned to wear away during normal operation. As a result, no secondwearing layer is required in the first ring (second embodiment) 60.

The second ring (shown as a second ring 150 in FIG. 13 ) of the axialbearing is optimally constructed from a ceramic material, such assilicon carbide. The first wearing layer 12 is dissipated or removed byabrasion of the silicon carbide against the first face 52 after a periodof normal wear. As a result, the stainless steel of the frictional layer20 is exposed at the bearing interface. The stainless steel and thesilicon carbide subsequently produce a higher coefficient of frictionthan the coefficient of friction formerly produced by the first wearinglayer 12 and the silicon carbide. The higher coefficient of frictioneven results when the steel silicon carbide interface is well-lubricatedor wetted by the pumped product. However, the frictional interactionbetween the first ring (second embodiment) 60 and the second ring mayresult in the destruction of bearing interface surfaces of the firstring (second embodiment) 60 and the second ring. Hence, replacement ofthe first ring as well as the second ring may be required where thefirst ring (second embodiment) 60 is utilized.

Third Embodiment of the First Ring

FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 depict a third embodiment of the first ring. The firstring (third embodiment) is designated by reference numeral 64 and thefirst ring cross section (third embodiment) is designated by referencenumeral 66. The first ring (third embodiment) 64 has a frictional layer20 with a geometrical configuration which causes the bearing interfaceto operate in the mixed-film lubrication regime or a partially drylubrication regime for enhanced internal friction within the axialbearing.

The first wearing layer 12 has a first wearing layer depth 18 rangingfrom fifty percent to one hundred percent of the wear limit. Thefrictional layer 20 is positioned adjacent to the first wearing layer12. The frictional layer 20 includes curved hollow members 34. Thecurved hollow members 34 are constructed from an elastomer or polymer;preferably from an elastomer. The curved hollow member 34 has a top 38,a bottom 40, and sides 42. In a preferred embodiment, the top 38 isthinner than the bottom 40, or the sides 42 to facilitate the wearingaway of the top 38 so that a U-shaped channel or tub-shaped channelremains. The curved hollow member 34 preserves the hollow 44 duringassembly or construction of the first ring (third embodiment) 64 bypreventing the hollow from filling up with the resin, plastic, orpolymer used to make the first wearing layer 12.

The first ring (third embodiment) 64 includes full-film lubricationinhibiting means for inhibiting the axial bearing from operating in thefull-film lubrication regime. The full-film lubrication inhibiting meanscomprises, for example, a channel, a groove, a depression, or the like,in the frictional layer 20. The full-film lubrication inhibiting meanshas sufficient dimensions to prevent a thin film from coating oradequately lubricating the bearing interface for operation in thefull-film lubrication regime.

Once the top 38 wears away, the surface area of the first ring(thirdembodiment) 64 which is operably associated with the second ring isgreatly reduced. Hence, the bearing interface between the first ring(third embodiment) 64 and the second ring is unable to support asufficient fluid film for operation in the full-film lubrication regime.Instead, operation occurs in the mixed-film lubrication regime or apartially dry lubrication regime so that the frictional coefficient isincreased. For example, the frictional coefficient may be increased bytwenty times or more from the frictional coefficient of a wetted bearinginterface. Moreover, the friction coefficient of elastomers in a dryenvironment on a hard surface such as a ceramic second ring,theoretically have a frictional coefficient as high as four (4.0).Therefore, FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 illustrate the first ring (thirdembodiment) 64 in which a variation in a friction coefficient of theaxial bearing is accomplished by destruction of the full-filmlubrication regime at the bearing interface.

Fourth Embodiment of the First Ring

FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 show the fourth embodiment of the first ring, which isdesignated by reference numeral 68 and the first ring cross section(fourth embodiment) which is designated by reference numeral 70. Thefirst ring (fourth embodiment) 68 has a first wearing layer 12 which hasa wearing layer depth 18 ranging from fifty to one hundred percent ofthe wear limit as illustrated in FIG. 8. The first ring (fourthembodiment) 68 features an annular pad 33 which is preferably made froman elastomer.

The surface area of the annular pad 33 is calculated so that the drivemotor is not unduly loaded. The operating torque of the drive motor isproportional to the product of the following factors: (a) thecoefficient of friction, (b) the axial force applied to the axialbearing, and (c) a term which is derived from the surface area of thecontact surfaces of the axial bearing. Reducing the surface area of theannular pad 33 will lower the value of the term which is derived fromthe surface area. Therefore, by reducing the surface area of the annularpad 33, the operating torque requirements of the drive motor may bedecreased, so that the increased load on the drive motor is not toosevere. Moreover, annular pads 33 having different surface areas may bemanufactured to correspond to drive motors of various torque capacities.

Fifth Embodiment of the First Ring

FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 show the fifth embodiment of the first ring. Thefirst ring (fifth embodiment) is designated by reference numeral 72 andthe first ring cross section (fifth embodiment) is designated byreference numeral 74.

The frictional layer 20 of FIG. 9 is occupied entirely by the frictionalregion 22. In other words, the first ring (fifth embodiment) 72 has noremanent region. The frictional region 22 is constructed from anelastomer, stainless steel, a ceramic material, a ceramic composite, aplastic composite, a polymer composite, a plastic laminate, a reinforcedplastic, a polymer-particulate composite, a plastic-particulatecomposite, or the like. Plastics, polymers, or elastomers may beselected based on compressive strength, tensile strength, chemicalresistance, hardness and ductility. Hardness is a measure of resistanceof material to indentation and scratching. Ductility is the ability of amaterial to deform plastically before breaking. The Handbook ofPlastics, Elastomers, and Composites lists the properties of plasticresins to assist engineers and scientists in the selection of suitableplastic resins or polymers for particular applications. The chart inAppendix C on pages C1 to C50 of the Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers,and Composites by Charles A. Harper, published by McGraw-Hill, Inc. inNew York, N.Y. (Second Edition 1992), is hereby incorporated byreference into this specification.

The frictional region 22 is preferably constructed from a plasticlaminate, a reinforced plastic, a plastic composite, a polymercomposite, a polymer-particulate composite, a plastic-particulatecomposite, or stainless steel where maximizing the value of thecoefficient of friction of the frictional layer 20 is the fundamentaldesign criteria. The frictional region 22 of the first ring (fifthembodiment) 72 has an annular shape and optimally has a maximum diameterwhich substantially equals the maximum diameter of the first ring (fifthembodiment) 72 so that the surface area of the frictional region 22 ismaximized.

Laminates, reinforced plastics, composites, and particulate compositesare formed by binding reinforcing material with a polymer binder, aplastic binder, or a resin. Reinforcing materials are typically in fiberform. Reinforcing materials include glass fiber, cotton fiber, linenfiber, nylon fiber, inorganic fiber, organic fiber, acrylic fiber,polyester fiber, polypropylene fiber, polyethylene fiber, metal fiber,nickel fiber, stainless steel fiber, steel fiber, aluminized glassfiber, aramid fiber, boron fiber, carbon fiber, carbon-graphite fiber,ceramic fiber, and mica. Inorganic reinforcing fibers include magnesiumoxysulfate, milled glass, phosphate fiber, and processed mineral fiber.Among these nylon, aramid and various organic fibers have the bestabrasion resistance. Glass fibers are among the most commerciallyprevalent fibers. C glass fibers have optimum chemical resistance, whileS glass fibers have good strength and stiffness.

The reinforcing material need not be in fiber form. For example,particulate composites may be used. Particulate composites signifydiscrete particles of a reinforcing material that are surrounded by amatrix of binding resin. Particulate composites have isotropicmechanical properties, or properties which are uniform in alldirections. In contrast, fibers impart structural properties dependingupon their orientation within the matrix of binding resin.

Polymer particulate composites may use ceramic particles or metalparticles as the reinforcing material. For example, nickel, boroncarbide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silica, alumina, aluminasilica, alumina boria silica, cubic boron nitride, stainless steel,silicon carbide filaments, steel fiber, or boron-tungsten fibers may beused as the reinforcing material. The advantage of the foregoing ceramicmaterials and metal materials is that these materials consistentlyproduce an ample contrast in coefficient of friction with a ceramicsecond ring for detectable changes in the load upon the drive motor.

Resins include fluorocarbon plastics, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),phenolic resin, melamien polymer, epoxy, polyester, silicone,polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene, bisamaleimide, polyimide,thermosetting polymers, and thermoplastic materials. Epoxy has excellentadhesion, tensile strength, and compressive strength. In the first ring(fifth embodiment) 72 the laminating resin optimallypolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or epoxy and the reinforcing material ispreferably a metal, an alloy, or a ceramic compound.

Manufacturing the First Ring of the Axial Bearing

Numerous methods are available for manufacturing the first ring.Molding, injection molding, extrusion, sheet molding, and filamentwinding are manufacturing methods which are well known in the art. In apreferred manufacturing method, the first step is to make the frictionalregion if the frictional region is being constructed from an elastomer,a polymer composite, a plastic composite, a polymer particulate, or aplastic particulate. For example, the cylindrical pads are preferablymade by extrusion through circular die, which produces a cylindricalrod. The cylindrical pads are cut from the cylindrical rod to thedesired thickness of the frictional region. Similarly, the annular padsmay be made by extrusion through an annular die, which produces a hollowcylindrical rod. The annular pads are cut from the hollow cylindricalrod to the desired thickness. The curved hollow members may also beconstructed via an extrusion process.

Second, resin granules or resin powder used to construct the firstwearing layer is carefully measured and placed in a female mold of thefirst ring. Third, the finished frictional region may then be added tothe resin granules or resin powder placed in the female mold. Fourth,additional resin granules or resin powder is added to top off the mold.Fifth, the contents of the mold may be heated and compressedappropriately depending upon whether the process involves athermoplastic resin or thermoset plastic resin. Thermoset plastic resinsmay require the addition of a catalyst or ultraviolet light to properlycure as is well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The first ring can also be constructed by layering sheets ofthermoplastic material of the desired thickness and orientation for thedesired first wearing layer depth, the frictional layer thickness, andthe second wearing layer depth. The sheets are placed over the edges ofa female mold cavity while heat is applied. The process is expedited byapplying pressure to the top, such as air pressure and gravity pressure,and applying a vacuum to the female mold cavity.

Other plastic forming techniques such as filament winding can be used tocreate layers with distinct frictional properties by deliberatelyincreasing the fiber density in certain areas of the helical windingprocess. Helical winding involves wrapping resin-impregnated fibersaround a mandrel to form a cylindrical structure, like the first ring.

Axial Bearing Incorporated into a Centrifugal Magnetic-Drive Pump

Referring to FIG. 11, FIG. 12, and FIG. 13, the centrifugal pump of thepresent invention comprises a housing 100, a first ring, a second ring150, a shaft 126, a first shaft support 114, a second shaft support 115,a bearing 124, an impeller 120, a first coupler 132, a second coupler134, and a containment shell 130.

The housing 100 preferably has a first housing member 108, a secondhousing member 110, and a third housing member 112. The first housingmember 108 and the second housing member 110 mate with a second gasket128 (i.e. an O-ring). The containment shell 130 adjoins the firsthousing member 108 and the second housing member 110. The second housingmember 110 is secured to the first housing member 108. The third housingmember 112 is secured to the first housing member 108 or the secondhousing member 110, or both the first housing member 108 and the secondhousing member 110.

The housing 100 has an inlet 104 to receive a fluid and an outlet 106 toemit the pumped fluid. The housing 100 has an inlet flange and an outletflange for the attachment of external plumbing to the pump. The inletflange and outlet flange have a plurality of holes to facilitate theattachment of external plumbing. The housing 100 may be constructed fromcast iron, ductile iron, stainless steel, alloys, or other metals. Theinterior fluid-contacting surfaces of the housing 100 are preferablycoated with a corrosion-resistant lining 139.

The shaft 126 is disposed in the housing 100 and is preferably securedto the housing 100. The shaft 126 is secured to the housing 100 by asupport assembly that preferably includes a first shaft support 114 anda second shaft support 115. For instance, the first shaft support 114may be located near the impeller 120 and the second shaft support 115may be located adjacent to or integral with the containment shell 130.

The first shaft support 114 and the second support 115 each have asocket, a recess, or an opening which corresponds to and complementallymates with the grooved shaft 126. For example, the first shaft support114 has an opening 136 that engages the shaft 126. Likewise, the secondshaft support 115 may include a socket 117 to mate with the flat matingsurface 152 of the shaft 126. The shaft 126 may be secured by pressfitting the flat mating surface 152 of the shaft 126 into the socket117. The engagement of the shaft 126 with the socket 117 prevents theundesired rotation of the shaft 126. The second shaft support 115 may beintegrated with the containment shell 130 or may be integrated with thesecond housing member 110. The first shaft support 114 and the secondshaft support 115 are preferably constructed of plastic resin withcarbon fiber reinforcement.

FIG. 13 shows only the portion of the pump interior in the region of thefirst ring and the second ring 150. Any of the foregoing embodiments ofthe first ring may be incorporated into the pump including the firstring 10, 60, 64, 68, or 72. The first ring has a first face 52 and asecond face 54. The second ring 150 has a first side 51 and a secondside 55. The first face 52 is directed toward the first side 51. Thefirst face 52 and the first side 51 form a bearing interface 156 betweenthe first ring and the second ring 150. The bearing interface 156 may belubricated, but need not be lubricated, by pumped fluid which iscirculated in the interior of the housing 100. Pressure is usuallyplaced on the bearing interface 156 by the internal circulation of thepumped fluid. The bearing interface 156 is suitable for rotationalmovement of the first ring with respect to the second ring 150.

The first ring has notches 50 on its second face 54. The notches 50cooperatively engage retaining protrusions 148, which are affixed to theimpeller 120. The first ring is preferably press-fitted or snap-fittedinto the impeller 120. Hence, the first ring and the impeller 120 arecoupled together and rotate simultaneously.

The second ring 150 is preferably press-fitted into the first shaftsupport 114. The second ring 150 is preferably constructed from aceramic material such as silicon carbide. The first shaft support 114has a cylindrical recess (not shown) adapted to receive the second ring150. The second ring 150 may have nibs about its periphery to preventrotation relative to the first shaft support 114. The first shaftsupport 114 engages the housing 100. The first ring rotates with respectto the second ring 150 when the pump operates.

The bearing 124 is attached to the impeller 120. A key 122 fits in aslot 240 located in the bearing 124 and the impeller 120 to prevent theimpeller 120 from rotating with respect to the bearing 124. In apreferred embodiment, the impeller 120 is constructed from a carbonfilled plastic resin, such as a mixture of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)carbon fiber and ethylene-tetra-fluoro-ethlene (ETFE).

The impeller 120 has a cylindrical portion which optimally encapsulatesthe first coupler 132. The first coupler 132 comprises a magnet, arare-earth magnet, a plurality of magnets, or a torque ring. A torquering is typically constructed from a metal such as steel, copper, analloy, or the like. As illustrated the impeller 120 is a fully closedimpeller, in which the vanes are concealed by a back shroud and a fromcover. In practice, the impeller 120 may be partially open impeller, ora fully open impeller depending upon the characteristics of the fluid tobe pumped. The first coupler 132 is enclosed by the containment shell130 and the housing 100. The first coupler 132 is located on a wet side140 of the containment shell 130.

The second coupler 134 is located in proximity to the first coupler 132on a dry side 142 of the containment shell 130. The second coupler 134has a cylindrical cavity 144 which is coaxially oriented with respect tothe containment shell 130. The second coupler 134 comprises a magnet, arare-earth magnet, a plurality of magnets, an electromagnet, a pluralityof electromagnets, or a torque ring. The second coupler 134 is coupledto a drive motor (not shown).

The containment shell 130 is secured to the housing 100. The containmentshell 130 is preferably constructed from a nonconductive material, suchas ethylene-tetra-fluoro-ethlene (ETFE), or a fiber fabric vinyl estercomposite. The containment shell 130 may also be made from stainlesssteel, nickel, cadmium, a metal, an alloy, or the like. The containmentshell 130 confines the pumped fluid to the wet side 140 of thecontainment shell 130.

Axial Bearing Incorporated into a Centrifugal Pump

FIG. 14 shows an exploded view of the axial bearing incorporated in theinterior portion of a centrifugal pump. The axial bearing has a firstring 204 and a second ring 202. The first ring 204 is analogous to theprevious embodiments of the first ring except the first ring 204 has anotch 206 located in the cylindrical surface 205. The first ring 204 iscoupled to the pump shaft 200 by a key 208 which engages a slot 212 inthe pump shaft 200 and the notch 206. Hence, the first ring 204 rotatessynchronously with the pump shaft 200. The first ring 204 has radialgrooves 210 to provide lubrication at the interface between the firstring 204 and the second ring 202. The pump shaft 200 may have a collaror a step to restrict axial movement of the first ring 204. In practice,other components in the centrifugal pump, such as the impeller mayrestrict axial movement of the first ring 204, rendering such a collaror a step superfluous.

The second ring 202 mates with an annular recess 216 located in asupport 214. The second ring 202 may have nibs (not shown) about itsperiphery to prevent rotation of the second ring 202. The second ring202 is substantially stationary with respect to the support 214. Thesecond ring 202 is preferably constructed from a ceramic material.

System For Monitoring the Wear of the Axial Bearing

FIG. 15 through FIG. 19 show various systems for monitoring the wear ofthe axial bearing described in the foregoing portion of thisspecification. Each system for monitoring the wear of the axial bearinguses some form of load detection means for detecting the changes in aload placed upon the drive motor. The load detection means may comprise,for example, an energy monitor, a current monitor, a power monitor, athermal monitor, a revolution per unit time monitor, a torque monitor,or the like. The system for monitoring the wear comprises a pumpincorporating the axial bearing 300, a drive motor 301 and an energymonitor 302. In practice, the system for monitoring the wear is coupledto an energy source 304 and is optionally coupled to an alarm 306.

The pump incorporating the axial bearing 300 comprises a centrifugalpump or a magnetic-drive centrifugal pump which incorporates anyembodiment of the first ring described in the foregoing specification.The pump incorporating the axial bearing 300 is coupled to the drivemotor 301. For example, the pump incorporating the axial bearing 300 maybe close-coupled to the drive motor 301. The drive motor 301 istypically a three-phase alternating current electrical motor. However,the drive motor 301 may also comprise a single-phase alternating currentmotor, a dual-phase alternating current motor, or direct currentelectrical motor.

Referring to FIG. 15, the energy monitor 302 comprises a currentmonitor, a power monitor, a power monitor for three-phase circuits,monitor of the phase of current and phase voltage (i.e. a power factormonitor), a three phase solid-state overload relay, an instantaneoustrip current relay, a magnetic overload relay, an ammeter, a fuse, orthe like. The monitor 302 is electromagnetically or electrically coupledbetween the energy source 304 and the drive motor 301. Power monitorsare commercially available from numerous sources. For instance, Ansimag,Inc., located at 1090 Pratt Blvd. in Elk Grove Village, Ill., presentlyoffers the Dry-Kut® DKW2 Power Monitor and the Dry-Kut® DKA AmperageMonitor. Energy monitors are also available from Load Controls Inc.,Technology Park, 10 Picker Rd., Sturbridge, Mass. 01566.

The power monitor for three-phase circuits measures the current in oneof the three power phases electromagnetically via a toroidal ferrite andcoil. Meanwhile, the power monitor measures voltage across the tworemaining phases. If the current and the voltage in each of thethree-phase lines are in phase, then the power factor is at a maximum;hence, the load is at a maximum. At or near full loading the drive motorprimarily acts as a resistive electrical load, which causes the currentand voltage in each of the three phases to be in phase. Power in thethree-phase system theoretically has a linear relationship over theentire load range from no load to full load. Power monitors typicallyfeature adjustable full load trip point. Many power monitors areequipped with Form C relays to operate alarms or to automatically removethe power being supplied to the drive motor.

The energy monitor 302 may also comprise a three-phase solid stateoverload relay which is commercially available from the Furnac ElectricCompany in Batavia, Illinois. For single-phase drive motors, the energymonitor 302 may comprise an instantaneous trip current relay. Theinstantaneous trip current relay is connected, or electromagneticallycoupled, in series with the drive motor and the energy source 304.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of an energy monitor 302, wherein the energymonitor 302 is equipped to measure current. If current drawn by thedrive motor 301 exceeds a maximum predetermined level then, in response,the relay circuit 416 is activated for control of an external device,such as an alarm. The energy monitor 302 in FIG. 16 comprises atransformer 440, a transimpedance amplifier 442, a rectifier 444, acomparator 410, a voltage reference 446, and a relay circuit 416.

At least one conductor couples the energy source 304 to the drive motor301. The transformer 440 is electromagnetically coupled to any currentflowing in the conductor. The transformer 440 preferably comprises atoroidal transformer with a ferrite core. The primary of the transformer440 may be formed by winding the conductor around the ferrite core. Thesecondary of the transformer 440 is connected to the transimpedanceamplifier 442. The transimpedance amplifier 442 accepts a current signalat the input of the transimpedance amplifier 442 and produces anamplified voltage at the output of the transimpedance amplifier 442. Theoutput of the transimpedance amplifier 442 is connected to a rectifier444, which may comprise, for example, a bridge rectifier. The rectifier444 changes an alternating current signal to a direct current signal,assuming that the drive motor 301 operates on alternating current.

The comparator 410 preferably accepts direct current from the rectifier444 at the noninverting input of the comparator 410. The inverting inputof the comparator 444 is coupled to the voltage reference 446, whichcomprises a regulated and adjustable power supply. The voltage reference446 provides the reference input for the comparator 410. If the directcurrent from the rectifier 444 exceeds voltage level provided by thevoltage reference 446, then the comparator 410 activates the relaycircuit 416. The relay circuit 416 comprises, for example, a relay and atransistor relay driver. The relay circuit 416 is optimally used toswitch an alarm or to switch energy flowing to the drive motor 301.

The system for monitoring the wear of the axial bearing operates in thefollowing manner. Initially, the load on the pump is low during normaloperation, because the first wearing layer is preferably constructedfrom a slippery polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). However,over time the first wearing layer is removed through normal abrasion andthe frictional layer is exposed. Once the frictional layer is exposed anadditional load is placed on the pump incorporating the axial bearing300. The additional load corresponds to the maximum load trip level ofthe energy monitor 302. Hence, the pump operator or user is alerted thatthe axial bearing needs replacement.

FIG. 17 illustrates an alternative to monitoring the load on the drivemotor via the energy monitor 302 of FIG. 15. FIG. 17 shows a blockdiagram of a system for monitoring the load on the drive motor featuringa winding temperature monitor 308. The drive motor 301 includes windingswhich inherently change in temperature depending upon the load placed onthe drive motor 301. The winding temperature monitor 308 has a sensorsuch as a thermistor, a temperature sensing circuit, a temperaturesensing integrated circuit, a bimetallic sensor, a thermal overloadrelay, a melting alloy thermal relay, a bimetallic overload relay, orthe like, which is placed in proximity to the windings or which isplaced in thermal communication with the windings via a thermal conduit.When a threshold temperature of the windings is exceeded the user isalerted via optional alarm 306, which is coupled to the windingtemperature monitor 308.

FIG. 18 is a schematic for implementing the winding temperature monitor308 shown in the block diagram of FIG. 17. The winding temperaturemonitor 308 comprises a thermistor 400, an operational amplifier 404, acomparator 410. In addition, the winding temperature monitor 308optionally includes a relay circuit 416. The thermistor 400 may includea pair of balanced thermistors combined in a resistive network to obtaina linear resistive response with temperature variation. Pairs ofbalanced thermistors are commercially available through suppliers, suchas Yellow Springs Instrument Company. The thermistor 400 is coupled tothe noninverting input of operational amplifier 404 and resistor 402.The inverting input of the operational amplifier 404 is coupled to thegain setting resistors 406. The output of the operational amplifier 404is coupled to the noninverting input of a comparator 410. The invertinginput of the comparator 410 is coupled to a reference voltage which isprovided via the adjustable voltage divider 408. The output of thecomparator is coupled to a current limiting resistor and a lightemitting diode 414. The light emitting diode 414 may be placed in viewfor the user or the pump operator as a warning indicator.

Alternatively, the light emitting diode 414 is placed in electromagneticcommunication with the relay circuit 416. The relay circuit 416 is anoptional addition to the winding temperature monitor 308. The relaycircuit 416 comprises a relay 420 which has its solenoid coupled to aphotodetector 418. The relay 420 may comprise a solid-state switch inlieu of a conventional electromechanical relay. The photodetector 418 ispreferably activated by the light emitting diode 414, which in turnmanipulates the contacts 422 for control of an external circuit such asan alarm or a pump control.

When the temperature of the thermistor increases because of increasedload on the pump from the frictional layer of the first ring beingexposed to the second ring, the resistance of the thermistor 400declines. The resistance of thermistor 400 is converted to a voltage bythe combination of the thermistor 400 and the resistor 402. The voltageis applied to the operational amplifier at the noninverting input andamplified as determined by the gain setting resistors 406. The output ofthe operational amplifier 404 is fed into the comparator 410, whichproduces a high output level when the output of the operationalamplifier 404 exceeds the reference voltage level at the inverting inputof the comparator 410. The high level output from the comparator 410energizes the light emitting diode 414 to warn a user or to activate therelay circuit 416.

FIG. 19 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the winding temperaturemonitor 308. The winding temperature monitor 308 includes a temperaturesensing circuit 426 which is coupled to a comparator 410 in a thresholdnoninverting comparator configuration. The temperature sensing circuit426 preferably comprises an integrated circuit which produces linearchanges in voltage output corresponding to temperature changes. Forexample, an LM335 or LM335A may be used for the temperature circuit 426.Other temperature sensing circuits 426 may produce linear changes incurrent corresponding to temperature changes. These temperature sensingcircuits may be used in conjunction with a transimpedance amplifier(current to voltage amplifier) and otherwise according to the schematicof FIG. 19.

The supply terminal 430 provides energy to the temperature sensingcircuit via a current limiting resistor 428. The output of thetemperature sensing circuit 426 is an output voltage which increaseswith temperature. The output voltage may be adjusted by adjustableresistor 432. The output voltage is coupled to the comparator 410. Ifthe output voltage exceeds the reference voltage applied to theinverting input of the comparator 410 than the output level of thecomparator 410 becomes a high output level. Hence, the light emittingdiode 414 is illuminated as an indicator to a user or a pump operatorthat the axial bearing needs to be replaced. In alternative embodiments,the light emitting diode 414 may be replaced by a transistor driverwhich drives a relay (i.e. switch) to operate an alarm, to control thepump, or to activate some external device. In an alternative embodiment,an inverting comparator configuration may be used rather than thenoninverting comparator configuration described above.

Method For Monitoring the Wear of The Axial Bearing

FIG. 20 illustrates the method for monitoring the wear of the axialbearing having a variable coefficient of friction. In block 500, theaxial bearing, having a variable coefficient of friction, is installedin a centrifugal pump. The axial bearing optimally includes a firstbearing member (i.e. first ring) and a second bearing member (i.e.second ring.) The first bearing member and the second bearing membereach have an annular shape, a disk shape, a parabolic shape, a concavecircular shape, a convex circular shape, a semi-spherical shape, aconical shape, or the like. The first bearing member preferably hasfirst wearing layer and a frictional layer, analogous or identical toany of the five embodiments of the first ring previously described inthis specification.

In block 502, the first bearing member is rotated with respect to thesecond bearing member, or the second bearing member is rotated withrespect to the first bearing member. Rotation is typically effected bynormal operation of the centrifugal pump, in which the axial bearing waspreviously installed in block 500.

In block 504, increased friction is produced between the first bearingmember and the second bearing member when, and after, the rotating inblock 502 substantially wears away the first wearing layer to expose thefrictional layer. The increased friction may be produced by theinteraction of the surface irregularities, surface disparities,localized deformation, or friction welding of the first ring and thesecond ring. In addition, the increased friction in block 504 may beproduced by creating at least one channel in the frictional layer toprevent the first bearing member and the second bearing member fromengaging each other in the full-film lubrication regime.

In block 506, changes in the load placed upon the drive motor of thecentrifugal pump are monitored or detected in response to the increasedfriction in block 504. The load on the drive motor may be monitored inby a prodigious variety of methods. For example, monitoring changes inthe load may be accomplished by monitoring the changes in the heatdissipated by the drive motor. Monitoring changes in the load placedupon the drive motor may be accomplished by monitoring the changes inthe current drawn by the drive motor.

Similarly, monitoring changes in the load placed upon the drive motormay be accomplished by monitoring the changes in the power beingsupplied by an energy source to the drive motor. Specifically, if thedrive motor is an alternating current motor, the phase of the currentwith respect to the phase of the voltage in any one line, or the loadpower factor, may be measured. The load power factor is a cosinefunction based upon the reactance (i.e. resistance) of the drive motor.When the drive motor is under low loads the load power factor istypically inductive; the load power factor approaches zero. In contrast,at high loads the load power factor is primarily resistive; the loadpower factor approaches one.

If a sufficient predetermined change in the load is detected during themonitoring step of block 506, then an alarm may optionally be activatedto alert the user that the axial bearing needs replacement orinspection. A sufficient predetermined change in the load may comprise,for example, a sufficient predetermined change in electrical energyrequired by the drive motor. Alternatively, if a sufficientpredetermined change in the load is detected during the monitoring stepof block 506, then the drive motor may be deactivated. Deactivation ofthe drive motor is preferably accomplished by switching the electricalconnection between the energy source and the drive motor.

The foregoing detailed description is provided in sufficient detail toenable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the axialbearing, the system for monitoring the wear of the axial bearing, andthe method for monitoring the wear of the axial bearing. The foregoingdetailed description is merely illustrative of several physicalembodiments of the axial bearing and system for monitoring the wear ofthe axial bearing. Physical variations of the axial bearing and themethod, not fully described in the specification, are encompassed withinthe purview of the claims. Accordingly, the narrow description of theelements in the specification should be used for general guidance ratherthan to unduly restrict the broader descriptions of the elements in thefollowing claims.

I claim:
 1. An axial bearing comprising:a first ring having a firstwearing layer and a frictional layer, the first wearing layer includinga first face of the first ring, the first wearing layer beingsubstantially annular, the first wearing layer axially extending beneaththe first face; the frictional layer adjoining the first wearing layer,the frictional layer extending axially from the first wearing layer. 2.The axial bearing according to claim 1 wherein the frictional layer ofthe first ring is substantially annular; wherein the frictional layerincludes a frictional region; wherein the frictional region axiallyextends from the first wearing layer by a frictional region thickness.3. The axial bearing according to claim 2 further comprising:a secondring having a first side, the first side oriented toward the first face,the second ring axially disposed relative to the first ring, thefrictional region thickness being selected so that the frictional regionwears away after a predetermined duration of the proximate and relativerotational movement of the first ring with respect to the second ring.4. The axial bearing according to claim 2 further comprising:a secondring having a first side, the first side oriented toward the first face,the second ring axially disposed relative to the first ring, thefrictional region thickness being less than twenty thousandths of aninch.
 5. The axial bearing according to claim 1 further comprising:asecond wearing layer of the first ring adjoining the frictional layer.6. The axial bearing according to claim 1 wherein the frictional layerhas a frictional region and a remanent region, the remanent region beingthe region remaining after the frictional region is considered; whereinthe remanent region is made from a material selected from the groupconsisting of a polymer, a plastic, a resin, polytetrafluoroethylene,and carbon fiber filled polytetrafluoroethylene.
 7. The axial bearingaccording to claim 1 wherein the frictional layer has a frictionalregion; wherein the frictional region comprises a plurality ofsubstantially cylindrical pads.
 8. The axial bearing according to claim7 wherein the cylindrical pads are constructed from an elastomer.
 9. Theaxial bearing according to claim 8 wherein the first wearing layer has afirst wearing layer depth, the first wearing layer extending beneath thefirst face by one-half of a wear limit or greater than one-half of thewear limit.
 10. The axial bearing according to claim 7 wherein each ofthe cylindrical pads is constructed from a material selected from thegroup consisting of a metal, an alloy, stainless steel, a ceramicmaterial, a ceramic composite, a polymer composite, a plastic composite,a plastic laminate, a polymer laminate, a polymer-particulate composite,a plastic-particulate composite, and a polymer reinforced with metallicfiber.
 11. The axial bearing according to claim 10 wherein the firstwearing layer has a first wearing layer depth, the first wearing layerdepth extending beneath the first face by at least a wear limit.
 12. Theaxial bearing according to claim 1 wherein the frictional layer has africtional region; wherein the frictional region comprises at least onecurved hollow member.
 13. The axial bearing according to claim 12wherein the curved hollow member has a top, sides, a bottom, and ahollow; and wherein the curved hollow member is constructed from anelastomer.
 14. The axial bearing according to claim 1 furthercomprising:a second ring, the second ring axially disposed with respectto the first ring, the first ring operably associated with the secondring at a bearing interface; wherein the first ring includes full-filmlubrication inhibiting means for inhibiting operation of the bearinginterface in the full-film lubrication regime during the relativerotational movement of the first ring with respect to the second ring.15. The axial bearing according to claim 14 wherein the full-filmlubrication inhibiting means comprises a curved hollow member having atop with a top thickness selected to wear away during a predeterminedduration of the relative rotational movement of the first ring withrespect to the second ring; wherein the top is adapted to wear away toform a channel in the frictional layer so that the axial bearing doesnot operate in the full-film lubrication regime.
 16. The axial bearingaccording to claim 1 wherein the frictional layer has a frictionalregion; wherein the frictional region comprises a substantially annularpad.
 17. The axial bearing according to claim 16 wherein the annular padis constructed from an elastomer.
 18. The axial bearing according toclaim 17 wherein the first wearing layer has a first wearing layerdepth, the first wearing layer extending beneath the first face greaterthan or equal to one-half of a wear limit.
 19. The axial bearingaccording to claim 17 further comprising a second wearing layeradjoining the annular pad.
 20. The axial bearing according to claim 16wherein the annular pad is constructed from a material selected from thegroup consisting of a metal, stainless steel, nickel, a ceramicmaterial, a ceramic composite, a plastic composite, a polymer composite,a plastic laminate, a reinforced plastic, a polymer-particulatecomposite, a plastic-particulate composite.
 21. The axial bearingaccording to claim 20 wherein the first wearing layer has a firstwearing layer depth, the first wearing layer extending beneath the firstface to a wear limit.
 22. The axial bearing according to claim 16wherein the annular pad is made from a combination of a first materialand a second material; the first material selected from the groupconsisting of a polymer binder, a plastic binder, and a resin; and thesecond material selected from the group consisting of nickel, boroncarbide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silica, alumina, aluminasilica, alumina boria silica, cubic boron nitride, stainless steel,silicon carbide filaments, steel fiber, and boron-tungsten fiber. 23.The axial bearing according to claim 1 wherein the first wearing layermade from a material selected from the group consisting of a polymer, aplastic, a resin, polytetrafluoroethylene, and carbon fiber filledpolytetrafluoroethylene.
 24. The axial bearing according to claim 1wherein the first face has at least one radial groove.
 25. The axialbearing according to claim 24 wherein the radial groove has a groovedepth and wherein the groove depth is approximately equal to a wearlimit; wherein said wear limit ranges from forty thousandths to eightythousandths inches below a non-grooved surface of said first face. 26.The axial bearing according to claim 1 wherein the axial bearing has asecond face and wherein a notch is located in the second face.
 27. Theaxial bearing according to claim 1 further comprising a second ring, thesecond ring axially disposed with respect to the first ring, the firstring having a first face and a second face, the second ring having afirst side and a second side, the first face adapted for rotation nearthe first side, the second ring being constructed from a ceramicselected from the group consisting of silicon carbide, silicon carbidetype D, silicon carbide type HIP, silicon carbide type SA, tungstencarbide, alumina, bauxite, and zirconia.
 28. The axial bearing accordingto claim 1 further comprising:a second ring, the second ring having afirst side, the first side operably associated with the first wearinglayer of the first ring; the first wearing layer and the first sideselected to have a first coefficient of friction of less thanapproximately one-quarter when a fluid is present at the first wearinglayer and the first side.
 29. The axial bearing according to claim 28wherein the frictional layer and the first side are selected to have asecond coefficient of friction of greater than or equal to approximatelyone.
 30. The axial bearing according to claim 29 wherein the first ringfurther comprises a second wearing layer positioned beneath thefrictional layer, wherein the second wearing layer and the first sideare selected to have a third coefficient of friction of less thanapproximately one quarter when the lubricating fluid is present at thefirst wearing layer and the wearing surface.
 31. A centrifugal pumphaving a shaft wherein the improvement comprises:a first ring coaxiallydisposed about the shaft, the first ring having a first wearing layerand a frictional layer, the first wearing layer including a first face,the first wearing layer being substantially annular, the first wearinglayer axially extending beneath the first face; the frictional layeradjoining the first wearing layer, the frictional layer axiallyextending from the first wearing layer; and a second ring disposed aboutthe shaft, the second ring having a first side, the first side operablyassociated with the first wearing layer of the first ring for relativerotational movement; the first wearing layer and the first side selectedto have a first coefficient of friction of less than approximatelyone-quarter when a fluid is present at the first wearing layer and thefirst side.
 32. The centrifugal pump according to claim 31 wherein thefrictional layer and the first side are selected to have a secondcoefficient of friction of greater than or equal to approximately one.33. The centrifugal pump according to claim 32 wherein the first ringfurther comprises a second wearing layer positioned beneath thefrictional layer, wherein the second wearing layer and the first sideare selected to have a third coefficient of friction of less thanapproximately one quarter when the fluid is present at the first wearinglayer and the first side.
 34. The centrifugal pump according to claim 32wherein the frictional layer contains an elastomer.
 35. The centrifugalpump according to claim 32 wherein the frictional layer contains a metalselected from the group of metal, metal fiber, and metal particles. 36.The centrifugal pump according to claim 32 wherein the frictional layercontains a ceramic material.
 37. The centrifugal pump according to claim31 wherein the second ring is constructed from a ceramic material, andwherein the first wearing layer is made from a material selected fromthe group consisting of plastic, polymer, resin, reinforced plastic,reinforced polymer, and reinforced resin.
 38. A centrifugal pumpcomprising:a housing having an housing cavity, an inlet and an outlet; ashaft having a journal area; a bearing coaxially surrounding the journalarea of the shaft and rotatable with respect to said shaft; an impellerengaging said bearing, the housing surrounding said impeller; an axialbearing adjoining said impeller, the axial bearing having a first ringand a second ring, the first ring having a wearing layer and africtional layer, the wearing layer including a first face of the firstring, the frictional layer disposed in the interior of the first ring,the second ring having a first side, the second ring and the first ringbeing rotatable with respect to each other.
 39. The centrifugal pumpaccording to claim 38 wherein the housing has an annular recess forreceiving the second ring; wherein the shaft coaxially extends throughthe first ring and the second ring.
 40. The centrifugal pump accordingto claim 38 wherein the first ring has a cylindrical surface, a notchbeing disposed in the cylindrical surface, the shaft having a slot, andfurther comprising a key that engages said notch and said slot.
 41. Thecentrifugal pump according to claim 38 wherein the first ring has radialgrooves.
 42. The centrifugal pump according to claim 38 furthercomprising:a first shaft support, the first shaft support engaging saidshaft; and a second shaft support, the second shaft support engagingsaid shaft; and wherein the first ring has a notch located in its secondface, the impeller having a retaining protrusion arranged to mate withthe notch.
 43. The centrifugal pump according to claim 38 wherein thefirst shaft support has a substantially annular recess for receiving thesecond ring, and wherein the second ring is positioned in said recess.